Alexander Gode and Hugh E. Blair
Interlingua: a grammar of the international language
New York, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1955 (2nd edition)
ISBN 0-8044-0186-1
(summarized extracts)
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CALENDAR
Sunday dominica January januario
Monday lunedi February februario
Tuesday martedi March martio
Wednesday mercuridi April april
Thursday jovedi May maio
Friday venerdi June junio
Saturday sabbato July julio
August augusto
September septembre
October octobre
November novembre
December decembre
===============================================================
GRAMMATICAL WORDS, section 134, pages 51-55:
a: to; at
ab: (prep) since, from
alias: otherwise, in another manner; alias; at another time
alibi: elsewhere
ali(c)-: any-, some-
alicubi: somewhere; anywhere
alicun: some, any; a few; alicun cosa: something, anything
alicuno: someone, somebody; anyone, anybody
aliquando: sometime; at any time
aliquanto: somewhat, to some degree
alique: (pron) something, anything; (adv) somewhat
alora: then; in that case, consequently
alto: top; in alto: up; upwards; upstairs; on top
ambe: (adj) both; ambes: (pron) both
an: (inter part) --; an il habe le libro?: has he the book?;
(conj) whether
ancora: (adv) still, yet; (interj) encore
anque: also, too; anque io: me too; non solo ... ma anque:
not only ... but also
ante: (prep) before, in front of; earlier than; above; (adv) before,
ahead; earlier; forward; ante que: before
ante-heri: day before yesterday
a pena: hardly, scarcely
apud: near, with, at, by
assatis: (adv) enough; rather, fairly, quite
assi: thus, so; assi ... como: as ... as
avante: before, in front, ahead; forward
basso: bottom; a basso: down, downward; in basso: down, below,
downward; downstairs
bastante: (adj) enough, sufficient; (adv) enough, sufficiently
ben que: although
bis: twice; encore
cata: (adj) each; cata uno: each (one)
causa: cause; a causa de: because of
certo: certainly
circa: around, about; approximately
como: how; as, like; como si: as though, as if
comocunque: however, in whatever way
con: with, together with; by means of
concernante: concerning
contra: (prep) opposite, facing; against; (adv) opposite, facing;
on the contrary
cuje: whose
-cunque: -ever
de: from, since; of, belonging to; made of; with, by means of;
de (+inf): to
deman: tomorrow; deman matino: tomorrow morning;
deman vespere: tomorrow night
depost: (adv) afterwards, later; (prep) after, since;
depost que: since, from the time that
desde: (prep) since, from
dum: while, as long as; until; provided that, if only
dunque: therefore
durante: during; durante que: while, whilst
e: and; e ... e: both ... and
ecce: lo!, see!, behold!; here is, here are
ergo: therefore, accordingly, consequently, then, ergo
esque: (inter part) esque ille ha le libro?: has he the book?
et cetera, etc.: and so forth, and so on, et cetera, etc.
etiam: also, likewise, too; even, even yet, yet;
non solmente ... sed etiam: not only ... but also
ex: out of, from
excepte: except, excepting
extra: (adv) without, on the outside; besides, in addition, extra;
(prep) outside of, without, beyond; except, excepting;
besides, in addition to
foras: (adv) out of doors, outside, out; from without;
(prep) beyond, except; foras de: outside of, without;
foras de se: beside oneself
forsan: perhaps, maybe
gratis: gratis, free of charge
haber: to have; il ha: there is, there are
heri: yesterday
hic: here; de hic a (un hora): (an hour) from now; usque (a) hic:
up to here, thus far; up to now, hitherto; hic juncte: herewith
hodie: today
ibi: there
ibidem: in the same place; ibidem; ibid.; ib.
idem: the same (thing); idem; id.
igitur: (adv/conj) then, therefore, thereupon
il: (impers pron) it
illa: she, her
illac: there
ille: he, it; him; that, the former
illes: they; them
illo: it
in: in, into
infra: (adv) below, underneath, beneath; (prep) below, under, beneath
insimul: together
inter: between, among
interim: meanwhile, in the meantime
intertanto: meanwhile, in the meantime
intra: (adv/prep) within
intro: inwardly, internally, on the inside, in
io: I
ipse: myself, yourself, himself, etc.; hodie ipse: this very day
iste: this, the latter
ita: thus, so; just so, yes; and so, consequently; accordingly
jam: already, at once, right away; just now, a moment ago;
indeed, surely; non ... jam: no longer
jammais: ever, at any time; non ... jammais: never; jammais!: never!
justo: just, exactly; justo nunc, justo ora: just now, right now
juxta: (adv) near, near by; (prep) near, near to, next to
la: her
le: (art) the
le: (pron) him
les: them
lo: it; lo que: that which, what
loco: place; in loco de: instead of; in su loco: instead
longe: far; away, far away; de longe: from afar, from a distance
lontan: distant, far-off
lor: their
lore: their
ma: but; no solo ... ma anque: not only ... but also
malgrado: in spite of
maniera: manner, way; de maniera que: so that
me: me
melio: (adv) better; tanto melio: so much the better
melior: (adj) better; le melior: the best
mesme: same; myself, yourself, himself, etc. (as in "the king himself")
mesmo: likewise; even; hodie memso: this very day; ora mesmo: right now
mi: my
mie: mine
minus: less; minus; a minus que: unless; al minus: at least;
totos minus ille: all but him; le minus: the least
multo: very; much
nam: for
nemo: no one, nobody
ni: neither, no, also not
nihil, nil: nothing
nimie: (adj) too much, too many
nimis: (adv) too, too much
no: (adv) no
non: not; no; si non: if not; except; unless it be
nondum: not yet
nonne: (inter part) is it not?; il es ver, nonne?: it is true, isn't it?
nonobstante: (prep) despite, in spite of; (adv) nevertheless
nos: us, we
nostre: our, ours
nulle: (adj) not any, no; null, worthless, without legal force
nullemente: in no way, not at all
nunc: now
nunquam: never
nusquam: nowhere
o: or; o ... o: either ... or
olim: once, formerly; at a future time, sometime (in the future)
omne: (adj) all; each, every; de omne mano: from every hand;
de omne latere: from every side; in omne caso: in any case;
omne cosa: everything; omnes: (pron) all
on: one
ora: now
parte: part; a parte: apart, aside; in parte: in part; del parte de:
on the part of; de parte a parte: through and through;
in nulle parte: nowhere
passato: ago
pauc: (adj) little, not much; few; un pauc (de): a little;
pauc a pauc: little by little; in pauc: shortly, before long
pauco: (adv) little
per: through; during, throughout; by, through, by means of; per
perque: (adv/conj) why; because
plus: more; plus; le plus: the most; de plus: furthermore, besides;
de plus in plus: more and more; in plus: furthermore, in addition,
also; al plus: at best; plus o minus: more or less; non ... plus:
no more; no longer
pois: (adv) afterwards, thereafter; (conj) for; pois que: since,
as, because
post: (adv) behind, back, backwards; afterwards, after; (prep) behind;
after; post que: since, because
postea: afterwards, thereafter
postquam: (conj) after; as soon as
potius: rather, sooner
presso: (adv/prep) near, close; a presso de: at the home of; in care of;
with, among
presto: presto, quickly, quick as a wink
preter: (adv) past, beyond; (prep) past, along, alongside of;
beyond; except, excepting; in addition to
pridem: long ago
pro: for, in favor of; in exchange for, in place of;
pro (+inf): (in order) to
proque: (adv/conj) why; because
qual: which; what; le qual: which; that; who
qualcunque: any, whatever
quando: (adv/conj) when
quandocunque: whenever
quante: (and) how much, how many
quanto: (adv) as much as; as far as; quanto ... tanto: the ... the;
quanto a: as for
quare: wherefore, why
quasi: almost, nearly; in a certain sense, in a way; quasi que: as if
que: (interr pron) what; (rel pron) who, whom, which, that
qui: who, whom; de qui: whose
quia: because, for
quicunque: whoever, whomever, whosoever
quo: (adv) whither, where; wherefore; (conj) so that, in order that
re: about, concerning
retro: back, backwards; ago; a retro: backwards
salvo: save, but, but for; salvo que: save that, but that
satis: enough; rather, somewhat; esser satis: to be enough;
haber satis: to have enough; satis de (tempore, etc.):
enough (time, etc.)
se: (refl pron) himself; herself; itself; themselves
secundo: (prep) (following) after; along, by; according to;
secundo que: according as
sed: but
semper: always
si: (adv) thus, so; yes; si ... como: as ... as
si: (conj) if; whether; si non: if not; except, unless it be
sia: be, may be, let there be; sia ... sia: be (it) ... or be (it);
whether ... or; qual que sia: whatever, whatsoever
sin: (prep) without
sol: (adj) sole, alone, only; viver sol: to live alone;
sentir se sol: to feel lonesome, lonely
solo: (adv) only, merely; non solo ... ma anque: not only ... but also
su: his, her, its
sub: (prep) under, below, beneath
subinde: immediately after, just after, forthwith; repeatedly,
frequently, often, from time to time
subito: suddenly, unexpectedly
subtus: (adv) below, beneath, underneath
sue: his, hers, its
super: (prep) on, upon; on top of; over, above; about, concerning, on;
(adv) above, on top; super toto: above all
supra: (prep) above, over; (adv) on the top, above
sur: on, upon; on top of
tal: such, such a; tal e tal: such and such
talmente: (adv) so; un libro talmente belle: so beautiful a book,
such a beautiful book
tamen: yet, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding
tante: (adj) so much, so many; tante per cento: so much per hundred,
percentage; tante ... como: as much, as many ... as
tanto: (adv) so, so much; tanto ... como: as much ... as; in tanto que:
inasmuch as; tanto plus ... que: all the more ... that;
quanto ... tanto: the ... the
tarde: (adv) late; plus tarde: later; later on; al plus tarde:
at the latest
te: you, thee; yourself, thyself
tosto: presently, soon, promptly; plus tosto: rather, sooner;
si tosto que: as soon as
tote: (adj) all; every, each; tote le (homines): all (men);
totos: all, everyone; de tote (le) corde: wholeheartedly;
tote (le) duo: both
totevia: yet, still, nevertheless
toto: (n) all, everything; le toto: the whole; super toto: above all;
ante toto: before all; post toto: after all; del toto: at all;
in toto: entirely, wholely, in toto
toto: (adv) all, quite, wholely
trans: across, over, beyond, on the farther side of
troppo: too, too much; troppo (de) (libros, etc.): too many (books, etc.);
troppo (de) (aqua, etc.): too much (water, etc.); de troppo:
superfluous, in the way, de trop
tu: your, thy
tue: yours, thine
tunc: then
ubi: (adv) where; (conj) where; when; as soon as; wherewith; in which;
a ubi: where, whither; de ubi: from where, whence
ubicunque: wherever
ubique: everywhere; anywhere, wheresoever, wherever
ultra: (adv) on the other side, beyond, farther; (prep) on the farther
side of; beyond, past; besides; ultra illo: besides, moreover;
ultra que: aside from the fact that
un: a, an; le un le altere: on another, each other; le unes les
alteres: one another, each other
uno: (indef pron) one
unquam: ever, at any time
usquam: somewhere
usque: (prep) (all the way up) to, up to; till, until;
usque nunc: up to now
verso: towards, to
via: (adv) away; off; via!: go away!, begone!; (prep) by way of, via
vice: (n) turn, stead; time (as in "three times"); alicun vices:
sometimes; un vice: once; on one occasion; formerly; un vice que:
once, once that; in vice de: instead of; a vices: at times;
altere vice: a second time; plure vices: several times, repeatedly
viste: considering; viste que: considering that
vix: 1. with difficulty; 2. hardly, scarcely, barely
voluntarie: willingly, readily, gladly, with pleasure
vos: you; yourself, yourselves
vostre: your, yours
ya: (adv) indeed, certainly, of course; ya (io lo crede):
(I) do (believe it)
================================================
PERSONAL PRONOUNS, section 54, page 21:
OBJ POSS POSS
SUBJ PREP OBJ REFL ADJ PRON
1p sg io ......me...... mi mie
2p sg tu ......te...... tu tue
3p sg m ille......... le se su sue
3p sg f illa......... la se su sue
3p sg n illo, il..... lo se su sue
1p pl nos..................... nostre.....
2p pl vos..................... vostre.....
2p pl m illes........ les se lor lore
2p pl f illas........ las se lor lore
2p pl n illos........ los se lor lore
on uno..........................
cuje : "whose" qui : "who, whom" only for persons and only as a
subject or after prepositions
"Reflexive constructions are primarily of the type in which the object
of the verb happens to be logically identical with the subject."
"Reflexive constructions are also used to express passive ideas when
there is no agent involved."
"Second-case personal and reflexive pronouns (except in prepositional
constructions) precede the simple tense forms of the verb but follow the
participles, imperative forms, and the infinitive."
"In a combination of two pronouns, one personal and the other reflexive,
the latter precedes."
===============================================
ALTERNATIVE COMPARISONS, section 37, pages 14f:
parve : plus parve : le plus parve
minor : le minor
minime
small : smaller/least : smallest/least
magne : plus magne : le plus magne
major : le major
maxime
great : greater : greatest
bon : plus bon : le plus bon
melior : le melior
optime
good : better : best
mal : plus mal : le plus mal
pejor : le pejor
pessime
bad : worse : worst
====================================
VERBS, sections 80ff, pages 29ff:
model: | -ar -er -ir
--------------------+-------------------------------------------------
INFINITIVE | crear vider audir
PRESENT PARTICIPLE | creante vidente audiente
PAST PARTICIPLE | create vidite audite
IMPERATIVE | crea! vide! audi!
PRESENT | crea vide audi
PAST | creava videva audiva
PRESENT PERFECT | ha create ha vidite ha audite
PAST PERFECT | habeva create habeva vidite habeva audite
FUTURE | creara videra audira
FUTURE PERFECT | habera create habera vidite habera audite
CONDITIONAL | crearea viderea audirea
CONDITIONAL PERFECT | haberea create haberea vidite haberea audite
Passives are formed from the corresponding
tenses of ESSER plus past participle.
The following alternative forms are available:
es = esse (singular/plural)
son = esse (plural)
era = esseva
sia = esse (optional irregular subjunctive)
ha = habe
va = vade
Inf. serves in place of English gerund.
Inf. + a : Inf. seems to represent a goal either after an adjective
or verbal construction; Inf. modifies noun instead of
present participle; easy or difficult to do (adjectival
construction); what the subject can do with something;
not the direct object of preceding verb.
Inf. + pro : in order (to).
Inf. + <nothing> : when Inf. serves as a noun.
Inf. + de : neutral preposition; what the subject can do itself
(adjectival construction); not as direct ofject of verb.
Subj. (accus.) + Inf. : <make subordinate clause with 'que'>.
'of ...ing' : de + Inf.
================================================
NUMERALS, sections 118ff, pages 42ff:
0 zero
1 un 10 dece 1me prime <ordinal> = <cardinal> + -esime
2 duo 20 vinti 2nde secunde
3 tres 30 trenta 3tie tertie half = medie / medietate
4 quatro 40 quaranta 4te quarte
5 cinque 50 cinquanta 5te quinte adverbial numerals: ordinal -e > -o
6 sex 60 sexanta 6te sexte
7 septe 70 septanta 7me septime
8 octo 80 octanta 8ve octave
9 nove 90 novanta 9ne none
10me decime
20me
100me
last ultime
cento 100 Comma for decimal point.
mille 1.000
million 1.000.000 -illion/-illiardo de cosas.
milliardo 1.000.000.000 ^^
billion 1.000.000.000.000
billiardo 1.000.000.000.000.000
trillion 1.000.000.000.000.000.000
trilliardo 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quatrillion 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quatrilliardo 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quintillion 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quintilliardo 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
simple simple / simplice
double duple / duplice
triple triple / triplice
quadruple quadruple
quintuple quintuple
sixfold sextuple
sevenfold septuple
eightfold octuple
ninefold nonuple
tenfold decuple
100fold centuple
=======================================================
WORD BUILDING, sections 135ff, pages 56ff
(Summary; examples and some notes omitted.)
(Note: use of the mark ' for pronunciation indicates
(a stress on the vowel or syllable preceding the mark.)
Nouns derived from Nouns
------------------------
-ada 1. 'product made from ...'; 2. 'series of ...'
-age (pronun. -aje) 'collection of ...' (Note: -agi- before
-a- or -o- of additional suffix)
-alia 'worthless collection of ...'
-ano 1. 'native, citizen, or inhabitant of ....'; 2. 'language of ...';
3. 'adherent or follower of ...' (fem. -ana in senses 1,3)
(Note: used with names of places and persons. In the case of
place names not ending in -a or -o as also of all names of
persons, the euphonic variant -iano is to be preferred.)
-ario I. 'person concerned with or characterized by ...';
II. 1. 'collection of ...'; 2. 'place containing ...'
-astro 1. 'inferior or worthless ...'; 2. 'related through remarriage
of a parent' (fem. -astra)
-ata 'contents of or quantity contained in one ...'
-ato 'function, status, rank, jurisdiction, period of office, or
territory of a ...'
-eria (pronun. -eri'a) 1. 'place where ... is made, worked, kept,
or sold'; 2. 'art, craft, trade, or practice of working with
...'; 3. 'behavior of a ... or like that of a ...'
-ero 'one who works with or deals in ...'
-ese 1. 'native, citizen, or inhabitant of ...'; 2. 'language of ...'
-essa 1. 'female ...'; 2. 'wife of a ...'
-eto 'grove of ... trees'
-etto, -etta 'little, small, or minor ...'
-ia (pronun. -'ia) 'country, province, or region of the ...s, or
named for' (Note: used with names of peoples and persons.)
-ia (pronun. -i'a) 1. 'state, quality, status, or jurisdiction of
(a, an) ...' 2. 'art, science, or practice, also profession,
establishment, etc. of (a, an) ...' (Note: used mostly with
compounds.)
-ica 'science or study of the ...'
-ico 'one skilled in the art or science of ...'
-iera 1. 'that which contains, covers, or protects ...';
2. 'field, mine, quarry, etc. where ... grows or is found'
-iero 'tree, bush, plant, etc. bearing or producing ...'
-il 'place where ...s are kept' (Note: used with names of animals.)
-ina 'substance made from, characterizing, related to, etc. ...'
(Note: used mostly as technical [chemical] suffix.)
-ismo 1. 'state or practice of being a ...'; 2. [Med.] ' abnormal
condition resulting from excess of ...'; 3. 'doctrine or practice
of, or concerned with ...'; 4. 'something characteristic of ...,
or of the language of ...'
-ista 1. 'one who practices the art or science of ...'; 2. 'adherent
of the doctrine of...'
-ita 1. 'inhabitant, citizen, or native of ...'; 2. 'member, adherent,
or partisan of'
-ite 'rock or other mineral containing ..., resembling ...,
characterized by ..., related to ...' (Note: used mostly in
technical [mineralogical] terms.)
-itis 'inflammatory disease of the ...' (Note: used with names of
parts of the body, chiefly in technical [medical] term.)
-oide 'something like, or shaped like ...'
-osis 'abnormal or diseased condition, state, or process of the ...,
caused by ..., characterized by ..., etc.' (Note: used chiefly
in technical [medical] words.)
Adjectives derived from Nouns
-----------------------------
-al 'pertaining to ..., characteristic of ..., etc.'
-an 'pertaining to ...'; esp. 'native of ...' (Note: used with names
of places and persons. In the case of place names not ending in
-a or -o as also of all names of persons, the euphonic variant
-ian is to be preferred.)
-ari 'pertaining to ..., consisting of ..., etc.'
-ate 'having a ... or ...s'
-esc 1. 'like, similar to, or characteristic of a ...'; 2. 'in the
manner or style of ...'
-ese 'pertaining to'; esp. 'native to ..., of ...' (Note: used with
names of places.)
-ic 'of, pertaining to ..., characterized by ...'
-ifere 'bearing, producing, yielding'
-ific 'making, causing ...'
-in 'of, pertaining to, etc., ...' (Note: used particularly with
names of animals.)
-ista pertaining to ...ism or ...ists' (Note: not distinct from
nouns in apposition.)
-oide 'like ..., shaped like ...' (Note: used chiefly in technical
term.)
-ose 'having, abounding in ..., characterized by' (Note: -ion plus
-ose > -iose.)
-otic 'pertaining to ...osis'
Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives
---------------------------------------
-ar 1. 'to make use of ....; to apply, give, etc. ...';
2. 'to render ..., to make ..., etc.'
-ificar 'to make, render ...; to convert into ...'
-isar 1. 'to make into ...'; 2. 'to apply ...; to make use (of the
principles) of ..., etc.'; 3. 'to render ..., to make'
Nouns derived from Adjectives
-----------------------------
-essa 'state or quality of being ...'
-ia (pronun. -'ia) 'state or quality of being ...' (Note: used
chiefly with adjectives in -nte.)
-ia (pronun. -i'a) 'state or quality of being ...' (Note: used
chiefly with technical compounds.)
-ismo 1. 'state or quality of being ...'; 2. 'doctrine or practice
concerned with what is ...'; 3. 'something characteristic of
the ... people or their language'
-ista 'adherent of the doctrine or practice concerned with what
is ...'
-itate 'state or quality of being ...' (Note: synonym of -itude,
but preferred when the base is already a derivative.)
-idude 'state or quality of being ...'
Adjectives derived from Adjectives
----------------------------------
-ette 'somewhat ...; pretty ...'
Derivations from Verbs
----------------------
-ada n 'continued or prolonged action of ...ing'
-age n 'action or process of ...ing'
-eria n 1. 'place where ... is done'; 2. 'art, craft, trade, or
practice of ...ing; also: the product of such work'
-amento, -imento n 'action or result of ...ing'
-ante, -ente, iente adj '...ing, that ...s' (Note: identical with
present participle.)
-ante, -ente, -iente n 'one who or that which is ...ing or ...s'
-antia, -entia, -ientia n 'state or quality of ...ing'
-abile, -ibile adj 'that can be ...ed; that is worthy to be ...ed'
-ation, -ition n 'action or result of ...ing'
-ative, -itive adj 1. 'tending to ...'; 2. 'having the function
of ...ing'
-ator, -itor n 'one who, or that which ...s'
-atori, -itori adj 'pertaining to, or serving for, the action
of ...ing'
-atorio, -itorio n 'place where, installation or instrument with which
...ing is done'
-atrice, -itrice n 'a woman who ...s'
-atura, itura n 'action or result of ...ing'
-ate, -ite adj 1. '...ed, being ...ed'; 2. '...ed, having ...ed
(Note: identical with the past participle.)
General Prefixes
----------------
ad- (v) 'to, toward, into' (Note: by extension, 'change into,
increase of intensity, etc.'.)
ante- (n, adj, v) 'preceding in time or space'
anti- (n, adj) opposed to, against; opposite' (Note: ant- before
'h' and vowels.)
auto- (n, adj) 'self' (Note: aut- before vowels.)
circum- (adj, v) 'about, around'
co- (n, adj) 'joint, fellow'
con- (n, adj, v) 'with, together, jointly, mutually' (Note: 'n-'
mutates under certain condition.)
contra- (n, v) 'against, opposing; counter or contrary to'
dis- (n, adj, v) 1. 'apart, separately; divided, scattered';
2. 'not ..., contrary or opposite of'
ex- (n) 'former'
extra- 1. (n, adj, v) 'outside; outside the scope of'; 2. (adj)
'highly, unusually, very'
gran- (in names of kinship) 'grand-, great-' (Note: for further
reduplication, the prefix 'pro-' is available.)
in- I. (v) 'in, into'; II. (n, adj) 'not ...; lacking; lack of'
(Note: 'n-' mutates under certain conditions.)
inter- (n, adj, v) 'between, among'
intra- (adj) 'inside, within'
intro- (v) 'inwards, to the inside'
mis- (v) 'badly, wrongly'
non- (n, adj) 'not ..., lack or absence of'
per- (v) 1. 'through, throughout'; 2. 'thoroughly, extremely, very'
post- (n, adj, v) 'behind, after in time, location, or order'
pre- (n, adj, v) 'before in time, position, or rank'
pro- 1. (n, adj) 'in favor of, on the isde of'; 2. (v) 'forward, forth'
re- (v) 1. 'back, backwards'; 2. 'again'
retro- (v) 'back, backwards'
sub- (n, adj, v) 1. 'under, underneath'; 2. 'subordinate; subdivision
of'; 3. 'slightly, slight' (Note: 'b-' mutates under certain
conditions.)
super- (n, adj, v) 1. 'over, above'; 2. 'very; excessively, too much'
trans- (n, adj, v) 1. 'beyond, across; surpassing' 2. 'though, across'
ultra- (n, adj, v) 'beyond'
vice- (n) 'one who takes the place of'
Technical Prefixes
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a- 'not ...; without ...; lacking ...' (Note: an- before 'h'
and vowels.)
amphi- 1. 'both, on both sides'; 2, 'around, about'
ana- 'again'
apo- 1. 'off, away'; 2. [Chem.] 'formed from, related to'
cata- 1. 'down, downwards'; 2. 'against, reflected' (Note: cat-
before 'h' and vowels.)
dia- 1. 'through'; 2. 'away, apart' (Note: di- before vowels.)
dys- 'bad, badly, not well'
ecto- 'outside, external' (Note: ect- before vowels.)
en- 'in, into' (Note: em- before, 'b', 'm', 'p', 'ph'.)
endo- 'within' (Note: end- before vowels.)
ento- 'within, inside' (Note: ent- before vowels.)
epi- 'on, upon' (Note: ep- before 'h' and vowels.)
exo- 'without, outside' (Note: ex- before vowels.)
hyper- 'over; beyond; too much'
hypo- 1. 'below, beneath, under'; 2. 'to a lower degree; somewhat';
3. [Chem.] 'indicating a lower state of oxidation, or a lower
position in a series of compounds'
meta- 1. 'behind'; 2. 'beyond, transcending, higher'; 3. 'after,
subsequent to' (Note: met- before 'h' and vowels.)
para- 1. ' besides, alongside'; 2. 'amiss, faulty, wrong';
3. 'resembling; modification of' (Note: par- before 'h' and vowels.)
peri- 'around, about'
syn- 'with, together; alike' (Note: syl- before 'l'; sym- before
'b', 'm', 'p', and 'ph'.)