HISTORY OF BROOKLYN. 21

New Netherland, by Blommaert and Godyn on the South River; by Van Rensselaer on the North River; and by Pauw at Hoboken-Hacking and Pavonia (now Jersey City), and Staten Island. Thus, at the very outset, the selfishness which pervades all monopolies, by this sudden absorption of the most prominent positions in New Netherland, defeated and discouraged the inducements to independent emigrants which was the chief intent of the charter. So great, also, was the dissatisfaction and jealousy to which their actions gave rise, that the speculative patroons were finally obliged to share their original purchases with their fellow-directors in the company. Various partnerships were formed among them, and commercial operations commenced in New Netherland; but it was apparent, from the first, that they were far more interested in the Indian trade than in the proper colonization of the colony. And, before long, their claims came so directly in conflict with the vested rights of the company, as to necessitate a revision of the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, and the adoption of new articles limiting and restraining the privileges of the patroons. These quarrels finally challenged the attention of the States-General, who instituted an investigation. Shortly thereafter, Minuit, who as director had officially ratified the purchases which had created so much feeling, was recalled, and embarked for Holland in the spring of 1632. During the following summer, the company, determined to maintain its superior monopoly, and to arrest the encroachments of the patroons, dispatched commissaries to each settlement to post up their proclamation, forbidding any person, whether patroon or vassal, to deal in sewan, peltries, or maize. In the spring of 1633, the province, which had been without a head for a year past, received from Holland a new director. This was Wouter Van Twiller, a former clerk in the company's warehouse at Amsterdam, and a relative by marriage of Patroon Van Rensselaer. Singularly inexperienced, incompetent, narrow-minded, and deficient in knowledge of men, this ex-clerk came to the command of the province at a time when it was shaken with internal jealousies and threatened with aggressions from English neighbors. With him came one hundred and four soldiers, and Everardus Bogardus, the