ACADEMY OF SAINT GABRIEL REPORT 1268 http://www.s-gabriel.org/1268 ************************************ From: "S Friedemann" 22 Sep 1998 Greetings from the Academy of Saint Gabriel! You wanted to know when and where eyes were used as heraldic charges in period, and asked if we could supply books in which you could reference its use. Here is the information we have found. We have found eyes used in coats of arms across western Europe, from Amsterdam through France to Catalonia. [1] The only example that we have a date for is a coat from Luxembourg/Flanders, in 1606. [2] However, we feel that eyes would be acceptable charges for 16th century or later heraldry, particularly if used on canting arms. [3] The two sources listed below are accepted references that you can use. We hope that this letter has been useful to you, and that you will not hesitate to write again if any part was unclear or if you have further questions. Research and commentary on this letter was provided by Zenobia Naphtali, Talan Gwynek, and Arval Benicoeur. For the Academy, --Aryanhwy Prytydes merch Catmael September 22, 1998 --------------------------------------- References: [1] Woodward, John and George Burnett, _A Treatise on Heraldry British and Foreign_ (Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1969). [2] Rietstap, J.B., _Armorial General_, Amsterdam, G. Theod. Bom. 1875. [3] Canting is the common heraldic practice of using a charge in your arms because its name sound similar to your own surname. Many of the more unusual charges found in period arms were most often used for canting.