ACADEMY OF SAINT GABRIEL REPORT 2473
http://www.s-gabriel.org/2473
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*                                               *
* NOTE: Later research turned up additional     *
*       information relevant to this report.    *
*       See the end of the letter for details.  *
*                                               *
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27 Mar 2002
From:  (Josh Mittleman)


Greetings from the Academy of Saint Gabriel!

You asked whether <Gabirel Unai Arrizabalaga> is an appropriate name for a
Basque man in the 6th century or at any time in our period.  Here is what
we have found.

<Gabirel> and <Unai> are modern Basque given names.  The first is a variant
of <Gabriel>, and the second is apparently derived from a Basque word for
"cowherd".  <Arrizabalaga> is a modern Basque surname [1, 2, 3].  However,
modern names are not the same as medieval names: Names and naming customs
changed in every culture over the 500 years since our period and even more
over the 1000 years before that.  So we cannot assume that any modern name
was used in our period.

We therefore addressed your question in two parts: 

  * Would a name similar to the one you've chosen have been used by a
    Basque at any time before 1600?

  * What kinds of names were used by Basques in the 6th century?

We'll consider the questions in that order.


Forms of the name <Gabriel> first appeared in Spain in the 13th century,
but didn't become common until the 15th.  Other cultures in western Europe
began to use the name at about the same time: It appears in England around
1200, in France in the late 13th century, etc. [4]  The name therefore
almost certainly entered the Basque language late in our period, probably
only in the 15th century when it became popular in Spain.  Fifteenth
century Spanish forms of the name include <Gabriel>, <Gavrield>, and
<Graviel> [5].  We haven't seen a period form that inverts the order of the
<r> and the <i>, as in <Gabirel>, so we can't recommend it as good
re-creation.  However, any of the forms we did find in period Spain are
reasonable choices for a late-15th or 16th century Basque.  A 13th or 14th
century <Gabriel> is also plausible, particularly in a Basque family with
close connections to non-Basques.

Middle names (or double given names) were quite rare in Spain until well
after our period, so we strongly recommend that you use only one given
name.  Since we haven't found evidence that <Unai> was used as a given name
in our period [6], we recommend <Gabriel> as better re-creation.

We also haven't found a period example of the surname <Arrizabalaga>, but
it is the name of several places and an entire plausible medieval place
name [3, 7].  Place names containing the first element appear in 14th
century records from Navarre: <Aric,ala>, <Aric,aleta>, <Ariztegui>,
<Arizcu>.  The symbol <c,> represents c-cedilla, i.e. a <c> with a
comma-shaped hook hanging from the bottom.  If the name <Arrizabalaga>
existed in our period, it might have been spelled <Aric,abalaga> or
<Arizabalaga>.  Assuming that's correct, then <Gabriel de Aric,abalaga>
would be a fine 14th-to-16th century name for a Basque man as he might be
identified in Spanish-language records [7a].  Unfortunately, we can't be
any more certain than that.


Re-creating 6th century Basque names is difficult because there are no
surviving examples from that period.  Roman-era inscriptions from that
area include some names that scholar believe to be Latinizations of
Basque names.  Some medieval records from the 10th century on, written
in Latin and various Romance languages, mention Basques.  In between
is a gap of about 500 years where we have no information [10].  You can
read more about early evidence of the Basque language in this article on
the web:

  http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/larryt/basque.prehistory.html

The 6th century falls nearer the Roman period than the medieval and in our
experience the evolution of names in this part of Europe was slower between
the 4th and 6th century than between the 6th and 10th, so we chose to start
with the late Roman material.

We started with a list of personal names compiled from inscriptions from
the part of the Roman province of Acquitania that lies between the Pyrenees
and the Garonne River (excluding Bordeaux) [8].  We examined the
inscriptions themselves, selecting those that include elements probably of
Basque origin [9, 10].  Here is the list of Basque-origin names we found --
some appearing more than once in slightly different forms.  A question mark
indicates a name for which we are not certain of our re-construction of the
nominative case.  (In Latin, the ending of a name varies depending on the
grammatical contexts.  Names in the inscriptions appears in various
grammatical forms; we have tried to convert them all to the nominative
case, which is what one would use in the subject of a sentence, when
addressing someone directly, or in a sentence like "My name is Hambus".)

  Masculine        Feminine

  Belex            Andere  
  Belexco	   Anderex 
  Bonbelex	   Belexeia
  Cison (?)
  Hambus
  Hanarrus
  Hannaxus
  Harbelex
  Harbelexs
  Harsorus
  Harspus
  Harsus
  Lohixsus
  Oxson
  Sembexo
  Sembexso
  Senile (?)
  Senipo (?)
  Senius

It is difficult to say how this selection of names might have evolved
between the Roman era and the 6th century, given both the conquest of
the area by the Goths and the arrival of Christianity.  In general, we
would expect few overtly Christian names to have been introduced into
the naming pool: that generally did not happen in southwestern Europe
until the 10th or 11th century [11].  We therefore see no likelihood
that the name <Gabriel> was introduced into the Basque naming pool in
this period.  Our best advice is that if you want a plausible 6th
century Basque name, you use one of the names in the list above.


Next, we analyzed the structure of names in those inscriptions, wherever
possible, and examined whether names with likely-Basque elements differed
in structure from other names from the same times and places.  The
inscriptions we examined are listed in an appendix, below, with our
comments.  

The overwhelming pattern is for men to be identified as their father's
sons.  Women are identified either as their father's daughters or their
husband's wives.  We find no indication in these inscriptions of place of
residence or ethnic origin -- which is significant because it is common in
other Roman-era inscriptions -- or of occupation.  The general pattern in
post-Roman Europe was to shift away from the use of family names and toward
using a given name alone.  By the 8th and 9th century, a single given name
was the overwhelming most common way people were identified in Iberia [11].
We therefore recommend that you generally use just a single given name.
When more precise identification is necessary (e.g. if you register a
name), we suggest that identify yourself as your father's son.

In the 6th century, the only written language in southwestern Europe was
Latin, so we recommend you use the Latin form of your name in writing and
in any formal context.  For example, if you decide to use <Harbelex> as
your own name and <Harsus> as your father's name, we recommend you normally
introduce yourself only as <Harbelex> and write your name <Harbelex Harsi
filius> "Harbelex Harsus' son".  (In the data we analyzed, the word
<filius> usually came last, after the father's name.  This is typical of
early inscriptions.)

We do not have enough information to guess at the Acquitanian names that
underlie these Latinized forms.  Nor can we say much about how the names
were pronounced.  One piece of information that we can offer is that the
<x> or <xs> in the Acquitanian names possibly represents the sound \ts\.


We hope this letter has been useful.  Please write us again if any part of
it has been unclear or if you have other questions.  I was assisted in
researching and writing this letter by Tangwystyl verch Morgant Glasvryn,
Aryanhwy merch Catmael, Raquel Buenaventura, Talan Gwynek, Adelaide de
Beaumont, and Juliana de Luna.

For the Academy,


  Arval Benicoeur
  27 Mar 2002


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References

[1] "Basque Male Names" (WWW, Buber's Basque Page, 2001; visited 21 Feb
2002); http://www.buber.net/Basque/Euskara/gizon.html

[2] "Names" (WWW: University of Nevada, Reno, Center for Basque Studies,
2000); http://basque.unr.edu/07/7.4.1t/7.4.4.5.names3.htm

[3] Michelena, Luis, _Apellidos Vascos_, 3rd ed. (San Sebastian: Editorial
Txertoa, 1973), s.nn. (h)arri, un(h)ai.  Michelena derives <Arrizabalaga>
from elements meaning "rock" and "broad, wide".

[4] Academy of Saint Gabriel reports 1400, 1660, and 1946.
http://www.s-gabriel.org/1400
http://www.s-gabriel.org/1660
http://www.s-gabriel.org/1946

[5] de la Torre, Antonio and E. A. de la Torre (ed.), _Cuentas de Gonzalo
de Baeza, Tesorero de Isabel la Cato/lica_ (Madrid, Biblioteca de los Reyes
Cato/licos), 1955.

[6] Michelena, s.nn. unanu, un(h)ai, does have an example of the word
<unai> from a 12th century source, where it is spelled <una>.  

[7] "Arrizabalaga" (WWW: Buber's Basque Page, 2001; visited 21 Feb 2002)
http://www.buber.net/Basque/Surname/A/arrizabalaga.html

[7a] Carrasco Pe/rez, Juan _La Poblacio'n de Navarra en el Siglo XIV_
(Pamplona, Spain: Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S.A, 1973).  There are
many examples of 14th century names in Navarra that combine a given name +
<de> + a Basque place name, e.g. <Miguel d'Iragui>, <Sancho de Ochagauia>,
and <Lop de Yaurrieta>.

[8] Joshua Whatmough, _The Dialects of Ancient Gaul_ (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1970), p.243ff and esp. the index of personal names on
pp.256-269.  Note that these names are drawn a much larger area than the
expected Basque-speaking region, and that even the inscriptions involving
elements identified as linguistically Basque include elements of Latin
and/or Celtic origin.  To some extent, one would naturally expect that
people with linguistically Basque personal names who end up getting
recorded in Roman inscriptions are likely to be those in more cosmopolitan
contexts, with significant interaction (including potentially
intermarriage) with speakers of other languages.  To what extent this
situation would hold for all Basque-speaking people of the time is
questionable, but it's the nature of our data.

[9] _Corpus Inscriptionum Latinorum_ (Berlin, 1863ff), vol 13:1:1
Aquitania, p.14.  An authoritative source for Roman inscriptions; it
was Whatmough's major source.

[10] Joaquin Gorrochategui, "Basque Names" in _Name Studies_, ed.
Walter de Gruyter (Berlin: 1995), pp.747-756.

[11] Sopena, Pascual Marti/nez, ed., _Antroponimia y Sociedad_:
Sistemas de identificacio/n hispano-cristianos en los siglos IX a
XIII_, Historie y Sociedad no. 46 (Valladolid, Spain: Universidade de
Santiago de Compostela and Universidad de Valladolid, 1995).


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Acquitanian Inscriptions containing names that are probably Basque in
origin. 

Inscriptions are identified by the index number in CIL (Corpus
Inscriptionum Latinorum, ref [9] above).

This material was collected and analyzed by Tangwystyl verch Morgant
Glasvryn.

The vast majority of the inscriptions clearly belong to a non-Christian
context, based on the formulas, such as the funerary formula <D.M.>, the
dedicational formula <VSLM>, or inscriptions explicitly dedicated to
particular deities.  At least two of the CIL inscriptions I noted down were
clearly Christian in context, but neither had identifiably Basque elements
and, to the extent that I can decipher the name structures in them (both
are rather confusing) they seem to be using some of the more conservative
patterns, possibly even including a tria nomina.

In general, the inscriptions follow what seems to be a typical pattern for
identification of "provincial" people (i.e., those who, for whatever
reason, are not using what we generally think of as "classical" Roman name
structures).  This is not universal -- there are several inscriptions that
show the "classic" tria nomina structure, e.g. CIL 555:

  [initial part of the inscription is missing]
  C.IVL.TALSCONIS.F.TARROS.
  IVLIA.CONDAI.FIL.ACCATEN.VX.
  C.IVLIVS.PAVLLVS.F.
  T.IVLIVS.SABINVS.F.
  
  C[aius] Iul[ius] Talsconis filius Tarros
  Iulia Condai filia [rest of the line uncertain]
  C[aius] Iulius Paullus filius
  T[itus] Iulius Sabinus filius
  
Following what seems to be the usual format of these inscriptions, the
"filius" in line 3 indicates that he's the son of the aforemention
person(s), not that he is the son of Paullus (which would then be
expected to be in the genitive).  "Filius" in line 4 has an analogous
meaning.  Assuming that this is a family grouping, I would interpret
these names as possibly belonging to the period when the cognomen was
beginning to emerge as a "personal name" differentiating family members,
rather than it being a "sub-family" name shared by family members.

Similarly, there are a few inscriptions where individuals bear two names
that appear to be a nomen (as family name) and cognomen (as personal name).
An example would be CIL 552:

  D.M.
  AEDVNNIAE.HER
  MIONES.FEMINAE
  RARISIMAE.CON
  IVGI.INCOMPARAB.
  AEMILIVS.FRONTO
  MARITVS.ET.POMPE
  IVS.LEPIDVS.FILIVS
  
  (to the shades of) Aedunnia Hermione, a rare woman, incomparable spouse
  Aemilius Fronto, husband
  and Pompeius Lepidus, son

In all three names, the first is in the linguistic form normally found for
nomina, while the second is not.  What is somewhat confusing is that the
husband and son do not share any name elements, however it's entirely
possible that the child is from a different marriage.  More typical would
be CIL 473:

  D.M.
  MACRIA PRIS
  CA FILIA
  MACRIO SE
  RENO PATIR
  F.C.
  
  (to the shades of) Macria Prisca, daughter
  (and to) Macrius Serenus, father

Here father and daughter share the nomen.

In one example -- and the only example of this type of structure with a
possibly-Basque element -- we seem to have a husband and wife sharing the
same nomen, though whether this is a case of a "married name" or of pure
coincidence is debatable.  (CIL 141)

  D.M
  CLOEPIVS SEMPER
  RVS . CLOEPIAE
  LENTINAE VXORI
  CARISSIMAE.FECIT
    
The grammar is a bit confusing, since we would expect the dedication "D[is]
M[anibus]" to go with the woman's name (in the genitive) and the nominative
man's name to go with the the verb at the end.  So if you'll forgive me a
little rearranging:
    
  (To the shades of) Cloepia Lentina, beloved wife
  Cloepius Semperrus (made this)

These name patterns above, using what appear to be family names, are,
however, significantly in the minority.  For both men and women, the
normal, default name pattern (assuming that more than a single name element
is mentioned) is of the form:

  <personal name> <genitive parent's name> filius/filia

The second most common pattern, for children listed after a parent's name
has been given, is 

  <personal name> filius/filia

but this isn't a format that would be used in isolation.

Here follow examples of this format appearing in inscriptions where at
least one name element in the inscription has been identified as
probably-Basque.  Where possible, I've translated probably-Basque names
with "normalized" Latin nominatives, but it isn't always clear what this
would be.  I've stripped out non-name parts of the inscriptions (indicated
by an ellipsis), but indicated where they affect the grammar.  Elements
that Gorrochategui identifies as probably-Basque are set off by
#hatchmarks# in the gloss -- there may be others that would be identifiable
on phonological grounds, but I'm being conservative.

CIL 4

  .RVFVS . SEM 
  BEXONIS.F
  .PVSILL.TROC 
  CI.FIL.VXOR
  RVfINVS . RVFI. F
  PRI[] AVLVS . RVFI . F

Whatmough identifies [Sem]bexonis as masculine genitive, interpreting it as
a nasal-stem declension.

  Rufus son of #Sembexo#
  Pusilla daughter of Trocus, wife
  Rufinus son of Rufus
  Priaulus son of Rufus

This is one of the clearer examples of the true patronymic nature of these
constructions.

CIL 5

    HANARRO
    DANNORIGIS . F
    ...
    ALDENI.DONNI.FIL.VXORI .

Whatmough gives <Aldeni> as feminine dative but this would presumably then
be 3rd declension with uncertain nominative, and <Dannorix> as masculine,
and since he lists <Hanarrus> rather than <Hanarro>, this is presumably
masculine dative, thus:

  [for] #Hanarrus# son of Dannorix
  ...
  [for] Aldene(?) daughter of Donnus, wife

CIL 62

  PAVLLINVS
  PAVLLI  FIL
  ...
  BONsILEXSI
  SEMBEXSON[broken here]
  VXORI

Whatmough gives <Bonsilexsi> as feminine dative, <Sembexsonis> as 
masculine genitive:

  Pavllinvs son of Pavllvs
  <to him, and to>
  Bonsilexs [daughter of?] #Sembexso#, wife

CIL 85

  HARBELEX
  HARSI.F.
  
  #Harbelex# son of #Harsus#

CIL 118

  DANNONIA .
  HARSPI . FILIA
  
  Dannonia daughter of #Harspus#

CIL 125

  CVNDVESE
  NI FILL CISON
  SENILENNIS
  FILIVS PATER

Whatmough has <Senitennis>, CIL mentions readings(?) as <Senipennis>,
<Senhennis>.  The connection between the two halves of the inscription is
unclear. A possible reading might be:

  [of] Cunduesenus son of #Cison(?)#
  his father being the son of  #Senile(?)#

But I'm not at all certain about the structure.

CIL 138

  ANNIVS
  DVNOHOXSIS.F.
  CALVA.CASSILLI.F.
  VXOR.ANDERE.FILIA
  
  Annius son of Dunohoxs
  Calva daughter of Cassillus, wife
  #Andere#, daughter

CIL 167

  BELEX.BE
  LEXCONIS.F
  
  #Belex# son of #Belexco#

CIL 173

  HARBELEX.IONIXSI.F
  [the remainder of the inscription is fragmentary and unclear]

Whatmough lists the second element as <Lohixsi>, which is what
Gorrochategui works from in identifying the name as probably-Basque.  This
may be based on a more recent re-interpretation of the inscription.

  Harbelex son of Ionixsus (or #Lohixsus#)

CIL 267

  BONNORIS.DV
  NOHORIG[I]S.F.SIBI.ET
  RHEXONI.HOTARRIS.F
  VXORI. SABINO SE
  NIPONNIS.F.PRIVIGNO
  
  Bonnoris son of Dunohorix
  to him and to
  Rhexo(?) daughter of Hotarr (or Hotas?), wife
  [to] Sabinus son of #Senipo(?)# (Privignus??)

CIL 288

  SENIVS.OR[COT...]
  SIBI.ET
  FAVSTAE.HA[MBI.F]
  VXORI
  ALBINAE.F.ALB[INO.F]
  
  #Senius# [son of] Orcot[...]
  (to him and to)
  Fausta daughter of #Hambus#, wife
  [to] Albina, daughter
  [to] Albinus, son

CIL 323

  HANNAXVS
  AXIONNIS FIL
  
  #Hannaxus# son of Axio(?)

CIL 324

  BONBELEX HAR
  BELEXSIS F V AND
  EREX SOCONDAN
  NOSSI F VXOR
  
  #Bonbelex# son of #Harbelexs#
  #Anderex# daughter of Socondannossus, wife

CIL 369

  HARSORI.SEN
  IXSONIS.F.
  HAVTENSE.SOM
  ENARIS.F.VXSOR
  OXSON.ET.GE
  REXSO.ET.SEVE
  RVS.FILI.H.S.S
  .SERANVS.HA
  RSORI.F.T.P

Some of the initials are abbreviations I don't recognize but which don't
appear to be part of the names.  If <Oxson> and <Gerexso> are in parallel
with <Severus>, then presumably they are nominative forms.

  [of] #Harsorus# son of Senixso(?)
  [of] Hautensa daughter of Somenar (or Somenas?), wife
  #Oxson#
  & Gerexso
  & Severus, sons
  Seranus son of Harsorus

CIL 456

  BELEXEIA.DVNAI
  F.SIBI.ET
  MACRO BERSEGI.F
  CONIVGI.ET.SABINAE
  MACRI.F.
  
  #Belexeia# daughter of Dunaus
  (to her and to)
  Macrus son of Bersegus, spouse
  (and to) Sabina daughter of Macrus

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Names from 6th to 11th century inscriptions from Basque country

This material was collected and analyzed by Tangwystyl verch Morgant
Glasvryn, with some input from Talan Gwynek, 20 Apr 2002; and edited by
Arval Benicoeur.


I was looking for something entirely different in the library, and happened
to spot the following book.  

  Garai-Olaun, Agustin Azkarate & Iñaki Garcia Camino.  1996.  Estelas e
  Inscripciones Medievales del Pais Vasco (Siglos VI-XI) I. País Vasco
  Occidental.  Servicio Editorial Universidad del Pais Vasco, Bilbao.

In addition to having some more information for our 6th century Basque,
this is simply potentially useful data.  We have cross-referenced some
names to related forms in:

  [DM] Diez Melcon, R. P. Gonzalo, _Apellidos Castellano-Leoneses: Siglos
  IX-XIII, ambos inclusive_ (Universidad de Granada, 1957).

This data isn't ready for general public use yet, but it's safe to include
it the report we did recently on early Basque names without further
editorial work and interpretation.


The source is a catalog of stone inscriptions from the 6-11th centuries
from the western part of Basque territory.  There are around 60
(decipherable) personal names included in the material.  The earliest group
are inscriptions found on the walls of artificial caves, dating to the
6-7th century.  These names are all clearly of Latin origin.

  Armentari (dat)
  Armerius
  Atanasius
  Flainus, Flauianus
  Iohanni (dat)
  Mariani (dat)
  Senticio (dat)
  Valerianus
  Sententicio or Sentinticio (dat)

The rest of the inscriptions (a much larger number) are on stone stelae and
date to the 8-11th century.  Here we see a number of linguistically Basque
names, as well as Latin-origin names and the occasional germanic one.  The
notes on origins and inflectional forms are from the book (as best I can
decipher the Spanish).  Very few of the names are identifiably feminine.

** FEMININE GIVEN NAMES:

And[e]ran[i] 8-9th c.
Anterazoni 10th c.
  Both names derive from the root <andere>, and both have been given Latin
  n-stem dative inflections.  For nominative, read <Andere> and <Anterazo>.
  DM has <Anderazo> 1035, 1070.  He also has <Andrequina> 1065 and
  <Enderquina> 1102, which may contain the same root.  The root seems to be
  Basque <and(e)re> 'lady, woman'. 

Maria 9-10th c.

** GIVEN NAMES WHOSE GENDER IS NOT DISCUSSED (presumably masculine, often
   clear on grammatical grounds): 

Acenari 10th c. dative? 
  Common in later cartularies.  DM has <Azenar>, <Aznar>, <Azenari>,
  <Asnare>, <Azinar> and <Accenare> a total of 15 times between 950 and
  1279; we've listed the spellings in descending order of frequency.  He
  attributed it to a Latin cognomen <Asinarius>.
Albaro 10th c.
  DM has <Alvaro>, <Albaro>, <Alvar>, <Alvarus>, <Albar>, <Albarus>, and
  <Alvari> a total of 71 times between 912 and 1287; it's presumably
  Germanic.

Aostarri 10th c. possibly dative?

Armentari 11th c. dative? 
  From Latin <armentarius>

Ashostar or Aghostar 10-11th c.

Belaco, Belaza 9-10th c.
  These appear to be closely related to Basque <Belasco>, which I believe is
  generally thought to be from <bela> 'crow'.  DM has <Belasco>, <Blasco>,
  <Velasco>, <Blasko>, and <Velascus> 49 times between 931 and 1226, as well
  as <Belasca> 985 and <Belisco> 955.

Cassiani 9-10th c. dative? 
  Latin?

Cinemus 10th c. 
  Possibly metathesis for Cimenus, i.e. Ximenus?

Cudumeris 9-10th c. germanic = Gudumer
  DM has one <Gudumeri> 1081.

Emulus 10th c. 
  Possibly Latin Emilius?

Enego 10-11th c. 
  Extremely common in the cartularies.  The archaic form of <In~igo>.  DM
  has <Enneco>, <Jenneco>, <Eneco>, <Enneko>, <Iennego>, <Yennego>,
  <Ennecon>, <Genneco>, <Enego>, <Ennego>, <Eenecus>, <Jenneko>, <Genneko>,
  and <In~igo> 37 times between 929 and 1286. 

Hobeconi 10th c. Latin dative
  Found in later cartularies as e.g. Obeco, this is a Latin n-stem
  declension DM has <Oveco>, <Obeco>, <Ovecus>, <Ovequo>, <Ovecho>,
  <Ovieco>, and <Obeko> 31 times between 895 and 1106.  He says that it's
  obscure, possibly Basque.

Hoitarriezo 10th c.

Iaunti 11th c.
  DM has <Jonti> 952, which he takes to be from Basque <jaun-> 'lord'.

Issamenus 10-11th c. 
  Possibly = Ximenus?

Legoar 10-11th c. 
  Common in the cartularies.  This and the next could be Romance spellings
  of some Gmc. name in <-wari>, but if so, I can't identify the prototheme;
  the suggestion that the name is from <legionarius> looks at least as good.

Lehoari 9-10th c. Latin dative
  See Legoar

[M]inuciu 10th c. 
  Latin Minucius

MOMUS
  Mominus 9-10th c.
  Momus 9th c.

  DM has <Mumus> 978.

MONIUS
  Monico 11th c. 
    w/Basque diminutive suffix
  Munio 5 citations 9-11th c. Latin dative?
  [Mu]nnio 10th c.
  Munin[co] 9-10th c. 
    w/Basque diminutive suffix
  Munuto 10-11th c. 
    w/Basque diminutive suffix?

  DM has <Munnio>, <Munio>, <Monnio>, <Monio>, <Munno>, <Mun~o>, <Muno>,
  <Munius>, <Munnu>, <Munnius>, <Monios>, <Munne>, <Muniu>, <Munni>,
  <Munus>, <Moneo>, <Monno>, <Muunio>, <Munion>, and <Moinno> 148 times
  between 846 and 1264, not to mention <Munnino> 1071, <Munninu> 1072,
  <Munnione> 1030, and <Monnino> 1071.

Nuninc[o] 10th c. 
  Or possibly <Iauninco> instead.  DM has <Nunno>, <Nun~o>, <Nunnus>,
  <Nuno>, <Nunnu>, <Nun>, <Nunio>, <Nunius>, <Nunnio>, and <Nuino> 63 times
  between 850 and 1255.

Paterna 9th c.
  DM has <Paterno> 1055 and <Paternus> 962.

Piego 8th c.

QUINTUS
  Centule 9-10th c., 2 citations
  Centulez 9-10th c.
  Centuri 9-10th c. possibly also in this group?
  Quentule 10-11th c.

  For whatever it may be worth, DM has <Cendus> 906.

Quiteri 9-10th c. 
  More commonly found later as Gideri

Sanczius 11th c.
  This is <Sancho>.  I think that Larry Trask once talked about it on a
  mailing list; if I remember correctly, it was popular among Basques from
  a very early date, even though on its face it appears to be from Latin
  <Sanctius>.  DM has <Sancio>, <Sancho>, <Santio>, <Sancius>, <Sanzio>,
  <Sanctius>, <Sanc,io>, <Sango>, <Santius>, <Sanxo>, <Sanxe>, <Sungo>, and
  <San> 104 times between 912 and 1289. 

Senproni 10th c. Latin dative
  Old Roman name

Vigilani 10th c. Latin dative
  Latin origin?  DM has <Vigila> 948, 967, <Vegila> 1015, and <Vegela>
  948.  With these he classifies a variety of forms like <Veila>, <Ueila>,
  <Veyla>, <Beila>, etc.  He also has <Vigilia> 850 and <Vegilla> 931.


Zeiani 11th c. 
  Common in the cartularies as Zeiane, Zianna etc.



** NAME STRUCTURES

Very few of the names occur as anything other than single names.  The most
common more complex structure follows the name by a Latin religious title:

  Vigiliani Presviteri 10th c.
  Cassiani presbiteri 9-10th c.
  Armentari presbideri 11th c.
  Albaro Episcopus 10th c.

and possibly also 

  Munio frater 10th c.

The most complex formula, although it may represent more than one name, is:

  Belaco Filius Cent(u)le Centule(z) 9-10th c.

Sometimes two elements occur together but it isn't clear from context
whether they represent different individuals or a complex name formula.

  Monico Munio 11th c.
  Quiteri Cudumeris Munio presviter 9-10th c.

A more detailed, if rather rough, listing of the name elements in context
follows below.


Most of these are very rough, hard-to-decipher graffiti-style inscriptions.
Often they are not decipherable at all, in most cases it is impossible to
determine the larger context of the inscription, if any.  Many of the
personal names have been read in a number of variants by different
researchers -- I've given the current author's preferred form, with others
discussed as they seem relevant.  They are accompanied by a variety of
abstract and pictorial designs, often of overtly Christian character.

Inscriptions in artificial caves

19. 6-7th century
line 3-D/2 <Necetere>
line 3-D/3 <Domine>
line 3-D/10 <Armentari et Mar(i)ani>
line 3-D/11 <Eras>

34. 7th century
<Sentiticio> or <Sententicio>

35. 6-7th century
<Atanasius>
<S[an]c[t]i Primitivi>
<Flau(ia)nu(s) / Iohanni / Fr(atru)m [...]es[...]>
<tinn[...] uiu[a]e[t] uiu[a] / valerianus uiua et uiua>
<et uiua / et uiuas e[t] uiuas>
<Armerius uiua[t]>
<Flainus s[...]a>
<Orate lectores sic d(omi)n(u)m ab / [ea]tis adiutorum>
<Qui fecit uiua(t) qui legerit gaudeat>
<Senticio>
<Orate / pro me / lectores / sic d(omin(u)m / adiu[to]rem prote[c]torem>

The items here identified in the discussion as personal names are
<Flavianus> or <Flainus>, <Valerianus>, <Armerius>, and possibly
<Atanasius> which may instead be a saint's names.  DM has <Flaino>,
<Flagino>, <Flainus>, <Flain>, <Flaynum>, <Flaiano>, <Flianus>, <Flagini>,
<Floginus>, <Flazino>, <Lain>, and <Layno> 20 times between 804 and 1229.
(The 1229 date is for <Layno>; the last <Fl-> date is 1124.)  He took it to
be from Latin <Flavinus>.


Inscriptions on Stelas

I. Alava

3. Laguardia - AD 762 (inscription is dated)
<Piego>

9 Condado de Treviño
#1 3rd c. <Iovi. et sol(i) / A(ntonius) Porciv(s) / Avit(us)>
#2 not relevant
#3 10th c. <[...] presbit / ri Hobeconi>

10. Valdegobia - AD 939 (inscription is dated)
<Renova[tum est] hoc templum / a Vigilani Presviteri in  / honore 
S[an]c[t]i Romani et S[an]c[t]i Cipriani pro re / medio anime sue / 
era CDDDDLXXVII A.>
<Vigilani Presviteri> is a personal name, there are also dedications 
to S. Romanus and S. Ciprianus.

17. Vitoria - AD 928 (dated on inscription)
<Obiit Albaro Ep(i)sc(o)pus> remaining part gives date

18. Vitoria - 11th c.
<Monico Munio>

II. Bizkaia

20. Abadiño - 9-10th c.
<Ego Lehoari / et Maria>
While the reading of <Lehoari> isn't unanimus, the author suggests a 
name that derives originally from Latin <legionarius>

21. Albadiño - 10th c.
<Nuninc[o] / (mi)ne ego / i(n d)ei n~o>
The discussion involves something about the name <Iauninco> but it 
isn't clear to me if this is an alternate reading or whether there is 
some historic change that links both <Nuninco> and <Iauninco> as 
valid forms.

22. Albadiño - 10th c.
<i(n) dei n(omi)ne / (eg)o Munio / frat(e)r>

23. Albadiño - 10th c.
<[...]inuiciu / ne ego m/in dei no[mi]>
The name is read as <Minuiciu>

26. Albadiño - 10th c.
<nomen il / lium ego Be / laza ora / te pro me / pecca / tore>
The name is <Belaza>.

27. Albadiño - 9-10th c.
<Hic iaceo. In nomine Dei Centuri.>
<Centuri> as a name.

28. Amorebieta-Etxano - 10th c.
<in dei nomi(ne) ego / Acena / ri.>
The name is understood as <Acenari>.

32. Artea - 9-10th c.
<In d(ei) n(om)i(ne) ego / Mominu / s I(n) p(a)c(e) X(risti) ic / dor / mit.>
The name is <Mominus>.

33. Atxondo - 10-11th c.
In a highly abbreviated inscription, the author tentatively 
identifies <Enego> as a personal name.

34. Basauri - 9-10th c.
<Belaco Filius / Cent(u)le Centule(z)>
It isn't entirely clear how the name formula unpacks.  Is <Centulez> 
a Spanish patronymic?

37. Berriz - 9-10th c.
<Munin[co]>  Only <Munin> is visible, but the author suggests the 
extended form.

38. Elorrio - 10th c.
<In dei nomi / ne ego Cen / tule>
The name is <Centule>, see #34.

40. Elorrio - 9-10th c.
<In Dei nomi / ne ego Cas / siani presbite / ri fecit baselica>
The name is <Cassiani>.

46. Elorrio - 8-9th c.
<Munnio>

52. Elorrio - AD 883
<Momus>

53. Elorrio - 9th c.
<Paterna>

54. Elorrio - 8-9th c.
<And[e] / ra / n[i]>
Read: Anderani.

60. Garai - 10th c.
<In dei n(omi)ne ego / Aostarri de / funto + ego fic(i) ista / petra 
Hoitarri / [F]ezo>
Two names: <Aostarri>, <Hoitarriezo>.

61. Garai - 10th c. <[Mu]nnio>

63. Garai - 10th c.
<[In dei] / n(omi)ne / ego Sen / proni>
Name: <Senproni>.

64. Garai - 9-10th c. <Mu[nio]>

67. Garai - 10th c.
<In [dei nomi]ne / ego Antera / zoni pos / sui m(emoria) PUS>
Name: <Anterazoni>.

68. Igorre - 10-11th c.
<In d(e)i n(o)m(i)ne / Issamenus / post suum / obitum in / corpore / ic dormit>
Name: <Issamenus>.

69. Iurreta - 10th c. <Cinemus>

70. Iurreta - 10th c. <Emulus>

71. Izurza - 10-11th c. <Ashostar>

73. Izurza - 10-11th c. <Legoar>

74. Izurza - 11th c.
<Armen[tar] / i pr(e)sbid[e] / ri>
Read: <Armentari presbideri>

75. Izurza 11th c. <Munio>

77. Izurza - 10-11th c. <Quentule>

80. Mallabia - 10-11th c. <Munuto>

81. Markina-Xemein - 9-10th c.
<In nomine dei / ego / Quiteri / Cudumeris / Munio presviter / [,,,]>
Name structure unclear, elements: <Quiteri>, <Cudumeris>, <Munio>.

82. Mendata - 11th c. <Sanczius>

86. Zeanuri - 11th c.
<... ego Zeiani cu / m suo ger / mani Iaun / ti. ...>
names: <Zeiani>, <Iaunti>