ACADEMY OF SAINT GABRIEL REPORT 2915 http://www.s-gabriel.org/2915 ************************************ From: "C. L. Ward" 15 Oct 2004 Greetings from the Academy of Saint Gabriel! You asked whether would have been used by a man from the Frankish crusader kingdom who is traveling in northwest France, England and Scotland, sometime between 1100 and 1350. You also asked about heraldic arms using a badger with two pomegranates. Here is what we found. The name is a Latin form of an Old Testament name [1]; and medieval legend often uses it as the name of one of the Three Magi [2]. Only a few Old Testament names were used in medieval Europe. Some were common among Christians -- , , -- and others among Jews -- , , -- but most were not used at all in Europe in our period. In the late 16th century, many more became fashionable among Protestants in England; but many others did not come into fashion until the 19th century. The New Testament is likewise problematic as a source for medieval names. In general, medieval Christians only used a small subset of the names found in the Bible. The name did not come into widespread use in Europe until the 14th century, and then only in some places. We have found one unusual early example of the name in use in 9th century France, but nothing else until the 14th century. The name didn't become common until the 15th and 16th centuries [3]. The crusader kingdoms existed from 1099 to 1291 [4], so if you want a name likely to have been used by a man born there, we recommend you choose a different given name. If you prefer to keep the name , then we recommend you change your period; the data in note [3] will show you where we know the name was in use. The biblical Endor is identified in modern scholarship with the modern village of , , or , east and south of Nazareth. It was a significant settlement in Roman times and there is still a small village of this name [5, 6, 7, 8]. It was well within the Crusader kingdoms, lying close to the line between Montfort and Belvoir, two major strongholds [9]. We do not know the ethnicity or religion of the inhabitants of this village, but it is not implausible that they included Greek Christians. It is therefore plausible that a Christian born there would have been known locally as "of Endor" in the appropriate languages. However, it is considerably less likely that anyone would have identified him by such an insignificant place of origin if he travelled any great distance from home. It is far more likely that an acquaintance in Europe would have described him as "from Acre", "from Jerusalem", or "from Outremer". The particular spelling is standard in modern English usage, but it is not the only way the place name has been spelled. It appears in the Latin Vulgate Bible as [10], corresponding directly to the name in Greek versions of the Old Testament [11]. English translations of the Bible used the spelling , but those didn't exist until the 14th century and so aren't a good guide for your period [12, 13]. In conclusion, we cannot recommend as a good choice for an 11th-13th century man, since we have no evidence that the name was used in that period. A man born in Endor could well have been known locally as "from Endor", in whatever language was being spoken by his acquaintances, but we doubt such a byname would have been used in Europe. You also asked about designs for heraldic arms using a badger with two pomegranates. Neither badgers nor pomegranates were common in early heraldry: for example, neither appears to have been used in English or French heraldry in the 12th or 13th centuries [14]. We will be happy to research when and where these charges were used and help you design arms using them; or we can help you design arms consistent with the heraldic styles of 12th and 13th century Western Europe. Since heraldic styles varied from one kingdom to another, we need to know where your persona lives in order to help guide us in advising you on your design. Once you have selected a location, write us again and we will be glad to assist you in designing arms. I hope this letter has been useful. Please write us again if any part of it has been unclear or if you have other questions. I was assisted in researching and writing this letter by Maridonna Benvenuti, Talan Gwynek, Arval Benicoeur, Juetta Copin, Juliana de Luna, Walraven van Nijmegen, Ekaterina Novgorodskaia, Aryanhwy merch Catmael, Mari neyn Brian, Barak Raz, Blaise de Cormeilles, Athenais Bryennissa, and Juetta Copin. For the Academy, Gunnvor silfraharr 15 October 2004 ----------------------------------------------------- References [1] Morlet, Marie-The/re\se. Les noms de personne sur le territoire de l'ancienne gaule du VIe au XIIe sie\cle. Three volumes (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1968, 1972, 1985); II:25a. (The slash and backslash stand respectively for acute and grave accents over the preceding letter.) According to Morlet, the Greek Septuagint uses and the Vulgate uses for two distinct Hebrew names, which she transcribes and ; the first is given to Daniel in Daniel I:7, and the second is that of the king of the Chaldeans in Daniel V. The King James Version of the Bible uses and , respectively. [2] Withycombe, E.G., _The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names_, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). S.n. . [3] We found several variants of the name : FRANCE Baldasar (9th c.) [A] Baltazar (c. 1270s) [B, C] Baptistart (c. 1225-1250) [B, C] Baltassar (c. 1330, Provence) [D] ITALY Baldassare Cossa (1370, Naples) [E] Baldassare Estense (1443, Reggio) [F] Baldassare Castiglione (1478, near Mantua) [G] Baldassare Peruzzi (1481, Siena) [H] Baldassaru (1480, Sicily) [I] GERMANY Nickel Balthasar (1421) [J] Balthasar Hubmaier (c. 1425-1528) [K, L] Baltzer Hartusch (1455) [M] Baltczar (1463) [N] Balthasar (1514) [N] Balzer (1551) [N] Balzer (1556) [N] Baltzer (1560) [N] Balthasar Lydius (1577, Ulmstadt in Bavaria) [O] NETHERLANDS Balthasar Gerards (1557) [P] Balser (1571) [Q] Balteser (1571) [Q] Balthasar (1571) [Q] Balthaser (1571) [Q] Balthatzar (1571) [Q] Balthasar van der Ast (1593-4, Middelburg) [R] ENGLAND Balthasar (17th c.) [S] Balthazar Bucke (1584) [T] WALES Baulthaser (1600, North Pembrokeshire) [U] Baultozar (1600, North Pembrokeshire) [U] POLAND Balthazar (1421, 1483, 1485, 1495) [V] Balthizar (1439) [V] Baltezar (1440) [V] Baltasar (1443, 1494) [V] Baltizar (1457, 1468, 1481) [V] Baltisar (1464) [V] Baltazar (1472) [V] Beltizar (1479, 1481) [V] Balthazer (1483, 1485) [V] Baltczar (1486) [V] Balthysar (1487) [V] Baltyzar (1497) [V] Baltiser (1499) [V] OTHER COUNTRIES Balthasar (1395 and after, Silesia) [W] Balthasar Barreira (1531, Lisbon, Portugal) [X] [A] Morlet, Marie-The/re\se. Les noms de personne sur le territoire de l'ancienne gaule du VIe au XIIe sie\cle. Three volumes (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1968, 1972, 1985); II:25a. [B] Langlois, Ernest, _Table des Noms Propres de toute nature compris dan les Chansons de Geste_ (New York: Burt Franklin, 1971 [1904]). appears in "Li Roumans de Berte aus grand pie/s", by Adenes li Rois. is found in "Parise la Duchesse". Langlois lists with , probably indicating that both spellings refer to the Magus. [C] "La Chansons de Geste". (WWW: La Chansons de Geste, 2004). http://www.chanson-de-geste.com. [D] Flutre, Louis-Fernand, _Table des noms propres avec toutes leurs variantes, figurant dans les romans du Moyen Age e/crits en franc,ais ou en provenc,al et actuellement publie/s ou analyse/s_ (Poitiers: Centre d'e/tudes supe/rieures de civilisation me/die/vale, 1962). Character from "Le Roman de Blandin de Cornouailles"; date from http://www.ac-rennes.fr/ pedagogie/lettres/bretagn/matbret/mat6.htm. [E] "John XXIII". The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII, 1910, Robert Appleton Company. (WWW: New Advent. 2003.) http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08434a.htm. This source may not reflect the actual period spelling of the name. [F] Emil Kren and Daniel Marx. "Baldassare Estense." (WWW: Web Gallery of Art.) http://gallery.euroweb.hu/html/b/baldassa/. This source may not reflect the actual period spelling of the name. [G] "Baldassare Castiglione". The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII, 1910, Robert Appleton Company. (WWW: New Advent. 2003.) http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03409c.htm This source may not reflect the actual period spelling of the name. [H] "Baldassare Peruzzi". The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII, 1910, Robert Appleton Company. (WWW: New Advent. 2003.) http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11738a.htm This source may not reflect the actual period spelling of the name. [I] Di Pasquale, Armando. _Palermo nel 1480. La popolazione del quartiere della Kalsa_, Palermo, 1975. 1480, p.51, #109. [J] Brechenmacher, Josef Karlmann, _Etymologisches Woerterbuch der deutschen Familiennamen_ (Limburg a. d. Lahn: C. A. Starke-Verlag, 1957-1960). S.n. . The given name of the father or an earlier male relative of was . [K] "Hubmaier, Balthasar". (WWW: Biographisch- Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, 2002). http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/h/hubmaier_b.shtml. Balthasar Hubmaier was born c. 1485 in Friedberg near Augsburg, Germany and died in 1528 in Vienna. This source may not reflect the actual period spelling of the name. [L] "March 10, 1528 - Martyrdom of Anabaptist Evangelist Balthasar Hubmaier". (WWW: Christian History Institute. 2004) http://www.gospelcom.net/chi/ DAILYF/2003/03/daily-03-10-2003.shtml. This source may not reflect the actual period spelling of the name. [M] Brechenmacher, Josef Karlmann, _Etymologisches Woerterbuch der deutschen Familiennamen_ (Limburg a. d. Lahn: C. A. Starke-Verlag, 1957-1960). S.n. . [N] Schwarz, Ernst. _Sudetendeutsche Familiennamen des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts_ (Mu"nchen: Robert Lerche, 1973). S.nn. , , , , . The u" indicates a u-umlaut. [O] "The Genealogical Tree of Balthasar Lydius". (WWW: Melissa Kalkman and Theo Schalke Genealogy Webpage.) http://web.inter.nl.net/users/ Th.J.F.Schalke/godfried/7.html. This source may not reflect the actual period spelling of the name. [P] Koster, Adriaan. "Willem van Oranje en Balthasar Gerards". (WWW: Adriaan Koster Home Page. 2000). http://www.cs.vu.nl/~a3aan/Roeien/Misc/Balthasar/. This source may not reflect the actual period spelling of the name; the portrait of this man shown on this site, presumably contemporary, has the name as . [Q] Aryanhwy merch Catmael, "Names of Aliens in London, 1571" (WWW: Self-published, 2003-2004) http://www.ellipsis.cx/~liana/names/drafts/aliens.html , , , , and all appear as the names of Dutch men in London in 1571. The forms shown here may not reflect Dutch spellings. [R] Pioch, Nicolas. "Balthasar van der Ast". (WWW: WebMuseum. 2002.) http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/ast/. This source may not reflect the actual period spelling of the name. [S] Withycombe, E.G., _The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names_, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). S.n. . Withycombe notes that Shakespeare gave the name to a character in "Much Ado". [T] Bardsley, Charles, _A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames_ (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1967 [1901]). S.n. . [U] Jones, Heather Rose. Old Testament Names in Pre-Modern Welsh usage (Unpublished, 1999); these names found in E.A. Lewis, "The Toll Books of some North Pembrokeshire Fairs (1599-1603)". _Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies_, 7.284-318. 1934. Jones suggests that Old Testament names that came into use in Wales only in the later medieval period or after are probably due to the influence of English usage, rather than the result of a native Welsh tradition of borrowing Biblical names. [V] Taszycki, Witold (ed.), _S{l/}ownik Staropolskich Nazw Osobowych_, vols. I-VII (Wroc{l/}aw: Zak{l/}ad Narodowy Imienia Ossolin/skich, Polska Akademia Nauk, 1965-1987). S.n. . (The notation {l/} indicates an with a slash through it, while the n/ is an with an acute accent.) [W] Talan Gwynek, "Medieval German Given Names from Silesia", revised edition (WWW: Academy of Saint Gabriel, 1999). http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/talan/bahlow/ [X] "Balthasar Barreira". The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII, 1910, Robert Appleton Company. (WWW: New Advent. 2003.) http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02308c.htm. This source may not reflect the actual period spelling of the name. [4] "Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001 (WWW: Bartleby.com, 2003). http://www.bartleby.com/65/je/JerusaleLK.html [5] Hirsch, Emil G. and E. I. Nathans. "Endor". (WWW: JewishEncyclopedia.com, 2002). http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=365&letter=E [6] "Endor". (WWW: LoveToKnow 1911 Online Encyclopedia, 2003 and 2004). http://41.1911encyclopedia.org/E/EN/ENDOR.htm [7] "En Dor". (WWW: The Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names On Line, 2000). http://www.getty.edu/vow/TGNFullDisplay?find=Endor&place=&nation= &prev_page=1&english=Y&subjectid=1079452 [8] "Kibbutz Ein Dor". (WWW: the Archaeological Museum - Kibbutz Ein Dor, 1997). http://www.geocities.com/Athens/3603/indexfr.html [9] The Crusades (1095-1291 A.D.): Map of Crusader Settlement. (WWW: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of Art History. 2000-2004.) http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hg_d_crus_state_d1map.htm. [10] I Samuel 28:7. (WWW: The Bible - Latin Vulgate). http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/Vulgate/1_Samuel.html [11] I Samuel 28:7. (WWW: Septuagint Greek Old Testament). http://septuagint.org/LXX/. The Greek spelling of the name is Alpha-epsilon-nu-delta-omega-rho. [12] I Kings 28:7. (WWW: John Wyclif's Bible - ed. 1395.) http://www.sbible.boom.ru/wyc/1sa28.htm. The Wyclif Bible is the first complete and literal translation of the Latin Vulgate Bible into English, and was revised c.1395. [13] I Samuel 28:7. (WWW: Authorized King James Version Bible of 1611. Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library.) http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Kjv1Sam.html. [14] Brault, Gerard J., _Early Blazon: Heraldic Terminology in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries with Special Reference to Arthurian Heraldry_, 2nd ed. (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1997).