ACADEMY OF SAINT GABRIEL REPORT 2954 http://www.s-gabriel.org/2954 ************************************ 13 Nov 2004 From: Kolozsvari Arpadne Julia Greetings from the Academy of S. Gabriel! You asked us about a name appropriate for an Englishman called Nicholas who moved to Hungary in the 16th century. You were interested in a byname that identified him as an Englishman, or one based on his previous occupation as a sailor. As we mentioned in our preliminary correspondence with you, Hungarian for is . (The slash indicates an acute accent mark on the preceding vowel.) In period records kept in Hungarian, we've found it written as or . [1] In records kept in Latin, this name is most often written . [2] It is pronounced roughly \MEEK-loash\, with \oa\ like in 'boat'. Ethnic bynames, which identify national or ethnic origin, are quite common in both period and modern Hungarian. [3] However, we have not found evidence for use of the word "English" before the 19th century. We did find a late 16th century reference to an English envoy who was called "Paul from England". [4] Arguably, this example uses as a description, rather than as a name, but we believe it suits your persona. The pronunciation is approximately \AWN-glee-aw-(y)ee\. Here, \(y)\ indicates a 'y' as in 'yes' which is only very lightly pronounced. We can also suggest one of several bynames used in period Hungary for immigrants or newcomers. The most common of these is , which means "guest" in the modern language, but originally meant "stranger, someone who came from elsewhere". In the 16th c., we found the following spellings: [5] Wendeg 1507, 1512 Wendyg 1509 Wendig 1510 Wendegh 1526 Wendigk 1526 (likely a typo or misreading for Wendigh) Vendegh 1581/1582, 1588 Two other bynames used for strangers or immigrants are and . (The colon indicates an umlaut, which is two dots, on the preceding letter.) The first of these means "stranger", and was a byname given to a new resident of a place; we found it written as in 1469, 1525, and 1604. [6] The second one means "newcomer", and we found it once in period, written in 1588. [7] These three names are pronounced approximately \VEHN-dayg\, \EE-deh-gehn\, and \YO"-veh-vayn~\. Here, \O"\ is like German o-umlaut in 'lion', but shorter in duration, and \n~\ represents the sound of Spanish n- tilde, which is somewhat like the 'ny' in 'canyon'. [8] We did not find any words used in period Hungarian to mean specifically "sailor". We did find an occupational byname which means "boatman, someone employed in shipping": , which is pronounced roughly \HAW-yoash\. We found the following 16th c. spellings of this name: [9] Hayos 1501, 1508, 1553 Hay:os 1522 (3 instances) Haios 1588 In the 16th century, Hungarian names were generally written in either Hungarian or Latin. When they were written in Hungarian, they followed spoken practice and had the surname first: , , , , or . When names were written in Latin, the given name was translated into Latin, and the surname was written last: , etc. [10] We hope this letter has been useful to you, and that you won't hesitate to write us again with any further questions. I was assisted in writing and researching this letter by Talan Gwynek, Arval Benicoeur, Walraven van Nijmegen, Aryanhwy merch Catmael, Mari neyn Brian, Juetta Copin, Gunnvor Silfraharr, Aleksandr Traveller, and Ursula Georges. For the Academy, Koloswary Arpadne Julia 12 November 2004 ------------------------------ References [1] Ka/zme/r Miklo/s: _Re/gi Magyar csala/dnevek szo/ta/ra_ (Magyar Nyelvtudoma/nyi Ta/rsasa/g, Budapest: 1993); s.nn. Kova/cs, Nagy. 1513: , c. 1569: . [2] Kolosvari Arpadne Julia: "And the Last Shall Be First: The connection between language and name order in Hungarian names" (in: Known World Heraldic Symposium Proceedings, York, PA: 2004); p. 30-31. [3] Kolosvari Arpadne Julia: "Ethnic Bynames in Hungarian". http://www.s-gabriel.org/julia/EthnicBynames.html [4] Szabo/ T. Attila: _Erde/lyi Magyar Szo/to:rte/neti Ta/r I: A-C_ (Kriterion Ko:nyvkiado/, Bukarest: 1976); s.n. Angliai: 1594: 17 die May Jewe feier warol Egy Angliai kewet, Angliai Pal:... kelet Jo modon Nekyek gazdalkodni, voltt 10 Magau^al. Translation: (date, in Latin: 17th of May) "There came from feje/rva/r One envoy from England, Paul of England:... He needed to economize Well, his Party was 10 persons." [5] Ka/zme/r, op. cit. s.n. Vende/g. [6] Ka/zme/r, op. cit. s.n. Idegen. [7] Ka/zme/r, op. cit. s.n. Jo:veve/ny. [8] If you're familiar with IPA phonetic symbols, we can represent these pronunciations more accurately. Some of the usual IPA symbols aren't available in e-mail, so we've used the Kirshenbaum version of ASCII IPA; you can find it at: http://www.blahedo.org/ascii-ipa.html In this system, the pronunciations given in the letter are: ['miklo:S], ['A.ngliA.(j)i], ['vEnde:g], ['idEgEn], ['jYvEve:n^], and ['hA.jo:S]. [9] Ka/zme/r, op. cit. s.n. Hajo/s. [10] Kolosvarine "And the Last...", op. cit. p. 21.